Evaluation of prostate-specific antigen and total serum acid phosphatase in prostatic carcinoma

Background: The importance of prostatic carcinoma and its detection has increased manifold over the last few decades. Total serum acid phosphatase (ACP) was the world’s first emerged clinically useful tumor marker in the 1940s and 1950s in patients with prostatic diseases. With the introduction of the prostatic specific antigen (PSA) test in the 1980s, which performed significantly better in screening and treatment programs bringing disfavor to the advent of ACP. Aims and Objectives: To determine serum PSA and total serum ACP in patients with prostatic cancer and benign prostatic diseases, followed by evaluation of these tumor markers. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted on 30 patients with histologically proven cases of prostatic carcinoma and compared against 30 patients as control with benign prostatic pathology, residing in Punjab who were admitted and treated with symptoms complex of prostatism or retention urine or other urinary complaints as the primary symptoms. PSA and ACP in serum were determined using ELISA test kit and King and Kind method, respectively. Results: The mean level of serum PSA was 81.19 ± 49.02 for cancer prostate and 4.975 for benign prostatic diseases, while the mean level of serum ACP was 5.22 ± 1.70 and 2.52 ± 2.27, respectively, for the cancer prostate and benign prostatic diseases showing statistically difference between study and control groups was highly significant as P < 0.0001. Conclusion: Statistical analysis and results of the present study indicated that although serum ACP has better specificity to PSA, yet later is a very sensitive tumor marker in prostate diseases for screening, diagnosis, and post-treatment follow-up.

Immunoexpression of estrogen receptor-? and progesterone receptor in prostate adenocarcinoma, does it inhibit neoplastic proliferation and invasion?

Context: The roles of estrogen and progesterone in human prostate carcinogenesis have been only recently recognized. Aims: This study was conducted to evaluate the expressions of esterone receptor-beta (ER-?), progesterone receptor (PR), and Ki-67 in benign and malignant lesions of the prostate. Settings and Design: The study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital. It was an analytical cross-sectional study. Materials and Methods: We selected a total of 39 cases including 26 cases of benign prostatic hyperplasia and 13 cases of adenocarcinoma prostate. The proportion of cases showing expression for ER-?, PR, and Ki-67 was noted for both groups. A difference in immunoexpression between benign and malignant cases was evaluated. Association between receptor expression and Gleason grade was evaluated for malignant cases. Statistical Analysis Used: To compare the difference in expressions of ER-?, PR, and Ki-67 Mann–Whitney U test was used. Association between ER-?, PR, and Ki-67 expression and Gleason grade was analyzed using the Chi-square test. Results: ER-? expression was seen in all benign and malignant cases, whereas the majority of the malignant cases (61.54%) were negative for progesterone expression. Epithelial expressions of ER-? and PR were significantly higher in benign as compared with malignant lesions. Malignant cases showed a significantly higher expression of Ki-67. However, we did not find any association between the expressions of these markers with Gleason grade. Conclusions: The expressions of ER-? and PR were significantly higher in the epithelium in benign cases as compared with malignant cases. Ki-67 expression was significantly higher in the malignant group as compared with the benign group.

Role of diffusion weighted MR imaging in differentiating benign from malignant prostate lesions

Background: The purpose of the study was to determine the diagnostic accuracy of diffusion weighted MR imaging and to propose a cut off ADC value in differentiating benign from malignant prostatic lesions considering histopathology as gold standard.Methods: It is a descriptive type of observational study done on 40 patients with clinical suspicion of prostate carcinoma and elevated PSA level more than 4ng/ml. The patients underwent Multiparametric prostate MRI and ADC values were calculated using ADC maps.Results: Of the 40 cases included in the study histopathology revealed a diagnosis of abscess (1), chronic prostatitis (2), BPH with chronic prostatitis (4), BPH (12), and malignancy (21). The mean and standard deviation (SD) of ADC values for the abscess (0.59), CP (0.83+0.16), BPH with CP (0.94+0.22), BPH (1.14+0.14) and malignancy (0.72+0.15) (x10-3mm2/s) were found in our study. The mean ADC value of malignant lesion was lower (0.727+0.149) as compare to benign lesion (1.034+0.216) and this difference was found to be statistically significant with p<0.001. By using ROC curve, ADC cut off value was calculated as 0.92 x 10-3mm2/s and sensitivity, specificity at this cut off value of ADC were 95.24% and 73.68% respectively. The PPV, NPV, diagnostic accuracy of at this cut off value of ADC were 80%, 93.33%, 85% respectively.Conclusions: Our study shows that DWI with ADC calculation helps in differentiation of Benign from Malignant prostatic lesions with high accuracy and this quantitative analysis should be incorporated in routine MRI evaluation of prostatic lesions

Carcinoma de próstata y síndrome de secreción inadecuada de hormona antidiurética / Prostate carcinoma and syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretio

El cáncer de próstata es una causa extremadamente rara de síndrome de secreción inadecuada de hormona antidiurética (SIADH). Se trata de tumores agresivos asociados a un síndrome que puede aparejar consecuencias graves. Un paciente de 64 años fue diagnosticado de adenocarcinoma de próstata Gleason 4+3: 7 en 2014 y recibió terapia de bloqueo hormonal. En 2015 debió ser ingresado por hiponatremia sintomática y se le diagnosticó un SIADH, sin otra causa probable más que el cáncer de próstata. Sufrió rápida progresión de su enfermedad oncológica, llamativamente cuando su PSA se encontraba en valores normales, y falleció al corto plazo. Existe gran variabilidad clínica e histopatológica de los casos informados en la literatura de asociación de carcinoma de próstata y SIADH, sin embargo, todos coinciden en la agresividad de estos tumores. Estas características se presentan en tumores con diferenciación neuroendocrina, frecuentemente resistentes al tratamiento hormonal y que pueden presentar síndromes paraneoplásicos como el SIADH. El perfil de sus alteraciones moleculares se encuentra en estudio para el desarrollo de terapias target. La asociación de adenocarcinoma de próstata y SIADH es muy infrecuente y podría implicar diferenciación neuroendocrina. Por tal motivo es esencial una nueva biopsia del tumor o de sus metástasis a la progresión de la enfermedad para poder conducir un tratamiento adecuado de acuerdo a sus características morfológicas, inmunohistoquímicas y, en un futuro, moleculares.

Prostate cancer is an extremely rare cause of syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) secretion. These tend to be aggressive tumors and SIADH can carry serious clinical consequences. A 64 years old patient was diagnosed with Gleason 4+3: 7 prostate adenocarcinoma in December 2014 and received hormonal blockade therapy. By March 2015 he was admitted for symptomatic hyponatremia and SIADH secretion was diagnosed, with no other probable cause than prostate cancer. He suffered a rapid progression of his oncologic disease, surprisingly with PSA in normal range, and died in the short term. There is great clinical and histopathological variability in the cases reported in the literature of association of prostate carcinoma and SIADH. However, they all agree on the aggressiveness of these tumors. This characteristic is present in tumors that have neuroendocrine features. They are frequently resistant to hormonal treatment and may present with paraneoplastic syndromes such as SIADH. The profile of its molecular alterations is under study for the development of target therapies. The association of prostate adenocarcinoma and SIADH is very uncommon and could involve neuroendocrine differentiation. For this reason, it is essential to perform a new biopsy of the tumor or its metastases at the progressive disease in order to conduct an appropriate treatment according to its morphological, immunohistochemical and, in the future, molecular characteristics.

Analysis of adverse events after radiotherapy for primary and metastatic prostate carcinoma in patients with oligometastasized castration resistant prostate carcinoma / 中华放射肿瘤学杂志

Objective To analyze the adverse events in patients diagnosed with oligometastasized castration resistant prostate carcinoma (CRPC) receiving radiotherapy for the primary and metastatic prostate carcinomas.Methods Twenty patients with oligometastasized CRPC admitted to our hospital between 2011 and 2015 were treated with image-guided volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT).The dose for prostate+ seminal vesicle was 76 Gy/38 f,46 Gy/23 f for the pelvic lymph node and the median dose for the metastatic lesions was 60 Gy (52-66)/23 f.Relevant clinical data and adverse events were analyzed.Results All patients completed the radiotherapy.Only 1 patient showed grade Ⅲ urinary obstruction and received catheterization.In terms of acute adverse events of ≥ grade Ⅱ,urinary tract was observed in 4 cases (20％),rectum in 2 (10％) and blood system in 2(10％).The rectal V50 was correlated with acute adverse events of ≥ grade Ⅱ.The median follow-up time was 24.2 months.No patient suffered from late adverse events of ≥ grade Ⅱ.All cases showed a decline in the level of prostate specific antigen (PSA) after radiotherapy.The median PSA reduction rate was 99％.Among them,16 cases (80％) had a PSA reduction rate of over 90％.Conclusions It is safe and efficacious to perform radical dosage radiotherapy for primary and metastatic prostate carcinomas in patients with oligometastasized CRPC.

Molecular basis for prostate carcinogenesis / 中南大学学报(医学版)

Prostate cancer is the most prevalent male urogenital malignancy.Androgen deprivation therapy is the principal method for initial treatment for the patients,but the majority of them will eventually develop progressive disease,a status called castration-resistant prostate carcinoma.Lots of susceptibility genes,tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes,and their variations rdevant to the occurrence and development of prostate cancer have been revealed by the studies of molecular oncology.These findings on the molecular basis of prostate carcinogenesis will further improve the strategies on prevention,diagnosis and clinical management for prostate carcinoma.

Diffusion kurtosis imaging in diagnosis of prostate carcinoma in peripheral zone / 局解手术学杂志

Objective To evaluate the application value of 3 main parameters of diffusion kurtosis imaging(DKI) in diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma in the peripheral zone.Methods Conventional MRI and DKI were performed in 40 patients with histological confirmed as prostatic carcinoma in the peripheral zone.The values of ADC,FA and MK were calculated in the patients' tumor center and normal areas of the peripheral zone,and compared by two samples t-test.ROC curve were carried out to analyze the ability of ADC,MK and FA in differentiating prostate carcinoma from normal tissue in the peripheral zone.Results The mean values of MK and FA were significantly higher in tumor center than those in normal areas of the peripheral zone,and the ADC values were lower in tumor center,the differences were signicant(P<0.01).ROC curve analysis showed that the AUC of the ADC,FA and MK values were 0.966,0.871 and 0.998,respectively.Conclusion The 3 parameters of DKI could be a potential tool in diagnosing prostate carcinoma in the peripheral zone.The MK value has the highest sensitivity and specificity.

Research on Expression of FAK in Prostate Carcinoma / 现代检验医学杂志

Objective To investigate the relationships between expression of FAK and Prostate Carcinoma (PC)morbidity. Methods By surgery,get cancer tissue and para-carcinama tissue from 60 cases PC.To detect FAK expression by immuno-histochemical.To extract total RNA by Trizol.To detect the FAK mRNA by RT-PCR,and analysis these data.Results FAK expression level in cancer tissue was higher than that in para-carcinama tissue.There was statistical difference between them (χ2=72.55,P<0.01).mRNA expression levels of FAK in cancer tissue showed significant higher than the levels in para-carcinama tissue (t=30.51,P<0.01).According to lymphatic metastasis,the expression positive cases of FAK in pN0M0 classification were lower than these in pN3M1 classification,and mRNA expression levels of FAK were the same re-sults.There were clearly statistical distinctive (t=25.43,P<0.01).Conclusion The expression of FAK in PC cells was as-sociated with tumor invasion.

Immunohistochemistry of prostate carcinoma / Шинэ санаа Шинэ нээлт

BACKGROUNDProstate cancer is the most frequent malignancy among men nowadays.METHODSImmunohistochemical expression of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) was retrospectively investigated in 10 patients admitted with clinical suspicion of the prostate cancer. Slides were collected from archived biopsiesandthey were stained for PSA.The final reaction product was evaluated as negative (0), weak/moderate positive (1), and intense positive (2).RESULTSGlandular prostate carcinoma was found in 40% (n=4) and undifferentiated carcinoma in 60% (n=6). The immunoreaction for PSA was intense positive in 30% (n=3), weak/moderate positive in 50% (n=5) and negative in 20% (n=2) of total cases.CONCLUSIONSWe concludethat PSA immunoreaction is helpful for the differential diagnosis based on our results.

Prostate Cancer in a Patient with Multiple Pulmonary Metastases Alone andRespiratory Symptoms / Journal of Rural Medicine

An 87-year-old man was admitted complaining of cough after he had been treated with drugsat another hospital. Chest X-ray revealed multiple nodules, and chest computed tomography(CT) showed metastatic lung tumors. Abdominal CT revealed staining of the outer portion ofthe prostate by contrast medium, though this finding was considered nonspecific andnondiagnostic. A CT-guided biopsy of a lung tumor was performed, and the lung tumor wasfound to be positive for prostate-specific antigen (PSA). Prostate carcinoma was diagnosedby prostate biopsy, which yielded the same findings as the lung tumor. The serum PSA levelwas high. No metastases except for pulmonary lesions were observed on a bone scintigramand abdominal CT. Prostate carcinoma with pulmonary metastases alone was thereforediagnosed. The present case represents a rare case of pulmonary metastases without anyother metastases.

miR-149 inhibition of cell growth and invasion by targeting FOXM1 in human prostate carcinoma / 中国肿瘤临床

Objective:To investigate the effects of the miR-149 on the growth and invasion of prostate carcinoma cells. Meth-ods:Real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed to detect the expression of miR-149 on prostate car-cinoma tissues and paraneoplastic tissues. The PC3 and DU145 cells were transfected with miR-149 mimics and negative controls. The cell growth and invasion abilities were tested in terms of colony formation and via Transwell invasion assay. The cells were transfected with the siRNA of the target gene FOXM1 and siRNA control. Western blot was used to detect the expression of FOXM1. The cell colo-ny formation and invasion ability were also detected. Results:Compared with the paraneoplastic tissues, miR-149 was down-regulated in the prostate carcinoma tissues (P<0.01), and the FOXM1 mRNA was highly expressed (P<0.01). PC3 and DU145 cells with miR-149 mimics had only a few colonies and invading cells (P<0.01). Moreover, PC3 (P<0.01) and DU145 (P<0.05) with miR-149 mimics had a low protein level of FOXM1. The FOXM1 expression was knocked down by the siRNA of FOXM1 in the PC3 and the DU145 cells (P<0.01). The knocking down of FOXM1 resulted in an inhibition of the cell colony formation and invasion abilities (P<0.01). Conclusion:The miR-149 inhibits prostate carcinoma cell growth and invasion by suppressing the FOXM1. Our data suggest that miR-149 may function as an effective tool for the molecular treatment of prostate cancer.

Simultaneous Robot-Assisted Laparoendoscopic Single-Site Partial Nephrectomy and Standard Radical Prostatectomy

Recently, patients with urologic malignancies are treated with robot-assisted surgery and the expanded role of robot-assisted surgery includes even those patients with two concomitant primary urologic malignancies. In an effort to further reduce port site-related morbidity, robot-assisted laparoendoscopic single-site surgery (RLESS) has been developed. Therefore, we present herein our early experience and feasibility of simultaneous RLESS partial nephrectomy and standard robotrobot-assisted laparoendoscopic radical prostatectomy (RALP) on 3 patients with synchronous renal masses and prostate cancer.

Genetic polymorphisms of estrogen receptor alpha and catechol-O-methyltransferase genes in Turkish patients with familial prostate carcinoma.

OBJECTIVES: Estrogen is one of the most crucial hormones participating in the proliferation and carcinogenesis of the prostate glands. Genetic polymorphisms in the estrogen metabolism pathway might be involved in the risk of prostate carcinoma development. We evaluated the association between genetic polymorphisms in estrogen receptor alpha (ESR1) and catechol‑O‑methyltransferase (COMT) genes and the risk of developing familial prostate carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, 34 cases with prostate carcinoma whose first‑degree relatives had prostate carcinoma and 30 healthy age‑matched male controls were enrolled. The genotypes of ESR1 and COMT genes were analyzed employing polymerase chain reaction‑restriction fragment length polymorphism method. 34 cases with prostate carcinoma, whose first degree relatives had prostate carcinoma and 14 age‑matched male controls were enrolled to analyze the genotype of these two genes. RESULTS: Among control patients, the ESR1 PvuII genotypes of C/C, C/T and T/T were observed in 37%, 26% and 37%, respectively, whereas the C/C, C/T and T/T genotypes were observed in 18%, 41% and 41% of case patients, respectively. Among controls, the ESR1 PvuII allele frequencies of C and T were equally observed, whereas the C and T allele frequencies were observed in 38% and 62% of patients, respectively. Among ESR1 PvuII genotypes there were not any significant difference in terms of genotype (P = 0.199) and allele (P = 0.181) frequencies. Among controls, the ESR1 XbaI genotypes of G/G, G/A and A/A were observed in 33%, 37% and 33%, respectively, whereas the G/G, G/A and A/A genotypes were observed in 12%, 47% and 41% of patients, respectively. Among controls, the ESR1 XbaI allele frequencies of A and G were observed equally, respectively, whereas the A and G frequencies were observed in 65% and 35% of patients, respectively. Among ESR1 × baI, there was not any significant difference in terms of genotype (P = 0.111) and allele (P = 0.093) frequencies. But the C/C genotype of the PvuII site and G/G genotype of the XbaI site in the ESR1 gene were associated significantly with the risk of developing prostate carcinoma. The G/G, G/A and A/A genotypes of the COMT gene were observed in 50%, 29% and 21% of control patients and in 53%, 21% and 26% of case patients, respectively. The A and G allele frequencies of the COMT gene were observed in 36.7%, 63.3% of control patients and in 36.8%, 63.2% of case patients, respectively. In COMT gene, there was not any significant difference in terms of genotype (P = 0.843) and allele (P = 0.991) frequencies. But the G/A genotype of the COMT gene had a weak tendency toward increased risk. CONCLUSION: Polymorphisms of ESR1 gene in the estrogen metabolism pathway were associated significantly with familial prostate carcinoma risk. Single nucleotide polymorphisms of low‑penetrance genes are targets for understanding the genetic susceptibility of familial prostate carcinoma.

Prostate Cancer in a Patient with Multiple Pulmonary Metastases Alone and Respiratory Symptoms / Journal of Rural Medicine

An 87-year-old man was admitted complaining of cough after he had been treated with drugs at another hospital. Chest X-ray revealed multiple nodules, and chest computed tomography (CT) showed metastatic lung tumors. Abdominal CT revealed staining of the outer portion of the prostate by contrast medium, though this finding was considered nonspecific and nondiagnostic. A CT-guided biopsy of a lung tumor was performed, and the lung tumor was found to be positive for prostate-specific antigen (PSA). Prostate carcinoma was diagnosed by prostate biopsy, which yielded the same findings as the lung tumor. The serum PSA level was high. No metastases except for pulmonary lesions were observed on a bone scintigram and abdominal CT. Prostate carcinoma with pulmonary metastases alone was therefore diagnosed. The present case represents a rare case of pulmonary metastases without any other metastases.

Prostate-specific membrane antigen can promote in vivo osseous metastasis of prostate cancer cells in mice

Reports remain insufficient on whether and how prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) can influence in vivo osseous metastasis of prostate cancer (PCa). In the present study, the authors induced stable expression of PSMA in mouse PCa cell line RM-1. In vivo osseous metastasis was induced in 37 6-week-old female C57BL/6 mice weighing 22.45 ± 0.456 g. RM-1 cells were actively injected into the femoral bone cavity, leading to bilateral dissymmetry of bone density in the femoral bone. Tumor cells were also detected in bone tissue by pathological examination. The impact on bone density was demonstrated by the significant difference between animals injected with RM-PSMA cells (0.0738 ± 0.0185 g/cm²) and animals injected with RM-empty plasmid cells (0.0895 ± 0.0241 g/cm²). The lytic bone lesion of the RM-PSMA group (68.4%) was higher than that of the control group (27.8%). Immunohistochemistry showed that the expression of both vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) was distinctly higher in the RM-PSMA group than in the control group, while ELISA and Western blot assay indicated that VEGF and MMP-9 were higher in the RM-PSMA group compared to the control group (in vitro). Thus, the present study proposed and then confirmed for the first time that PSMA can promote in vivo osseous metastasis of PCa by increasing sclerotic destruction of PCa cells. Further analyses also suggested that PSMA functions positively on the invasive ability of RM-1 by increasing the expression of MMP-9 and VEGF by osseous metastases in vivo.

Effect of Smac on TRAIL-induced Apoptosis of Prostate Cancer Cell Line PC-3 and the Molecular Mechanism / 华中科技大学学报（医学）（英德文版）

The effect of Smac gene on the TRAIL-induced apoptosis of the prostate cancer cell line PC-3 and the molecular mechanism were investigated.The Smac gene was transfected into PC-3 cells under the induction of liposome.The intrinsic Smac gene expression was detected by Western blotting.After treatment with TRAIL as an apoptosis inducer,in vitro cell growth activity was assayed by MTT colorimetry.The apoptosis rate of PC-3 cells was determined by annexin V -FITC and propidium iodide staining flow cytometry.The expression of cellular XIAP and caspase-3 genes was examined by Western blotting.Smac-transfected cells (PC-3/Smac group) had significantly increased Smac protein level as compared with PC-3 controls (P＜0.01).After induction with 100-200 ng/mL TRAIL for 12-36 h,cellular proliferation rate in PC-3/Smac group was significantly lower than in PC-3 controls (P＜0.05).After induction with 100 ng/mL TRAIL for 24 h,the apoptosis rate in PC-3/Smac group was significantly enhanced as compared with that of PC-3 controls (P＜0.05).Accordingly,the XIAP expression level was down-regulated significantly (P＜0.05) and caspase-3 subunit P20 was up-regulated significantly (P＜0.05).It is suggested that the over-expression of cellular Smac can inhibit inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs),enhance caspases activity and the apoptosis rate of PC-3 cells induced by TRAIL,which may provide a useful experimental basis for prostate cancer therapy.

Expression of galanin in the prostate carcinoma and its significance / 肿瘤研究与临床

Objective To study the expression and significance of galanin (GLA) in the prostate carcinoma (PCa).Methods The samples from 50 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and 50 patients with PCa and 30 PCa patients with bone metastasis were examined by immunohistochemical staining.Results The positive rates of GLA expression in BPH,PCa,and PCa with bone metastasis were 18 ％ (9/50),68 ％ (34/50),and 80 ％ (24/30),respectively,and there were statistically significant differences between PCa patients,PCa patients with bone metastasis and BPH patients (x2 =25.5,29.74,both P ＜ 0.01),but there was no significant difference between PCa patients and PCa patients with bone metastasis (x2 =1.35,P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion GLA has higher expression in prostatic cancer cells,it might be an important indicators for differentiating prostate cancer from benign prostatic hyperplasia and predicting the prognosis of prostate carcinoma.

Complimentary role of FDG-PET imaging and skeletal scintigraphy in the evaluation of patients of prostate carcinoma.

Prostate cancer is one of the most common malignancies of elderly males. Management depends on the accurate estimation of disease both at initial diagnosis and in its subsequent course. In the present study, we evaluated the diagnostic utility of positron emission tomography with 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG-PET) in patients having prostate cancer. The findings were compared with the results of bone scan (BS) for the detection of bone metastases. Sixteen patients (age range, 55-83 years) with confirmed diagnosis of prostate cancer were included in the prospective study. Three patients had undergone bilateral orchidectomy, 1 had hormonal therapy, 9 had undergone both, and 3 had no therapy. All the patients underwent wholebody BS and FDG-PET within 1 week. Interpretation of BS and FDG-PET were performed qualitatively. Osseous abnormalities detected by both methods were compared. Involvement of the disease in other sites as seen on FDG-PET was also noted. BS detected 197 osseous lesions, whereas FDG-PET could detect 97 (49%) bone lesions. However, in 3 patients without any prior therapeutic intervention, FDG-PET results were superior or equivalent to that of BS. FDG-PET also detected extensive involvement of the disease in the bone marrow in 4 patients, lymph node metastases at various sites in 8, liver metastases in 2, and lung metastases in 1 patient. FDG-PET could demonstrate less number of osseous metastases in comparison with BSs, but the results have to be interpreted in the background of prior treatment administered and the tumor biology of the lesion. It is evident that FDG-PET could detect the unknown soft tissue involvement of the disease with good sensitivity, which might play an important role in the management of prostate cancer. Overall, in the absence of novel PET tracers, both skeletal scintigraphy and FDG-PET imaging can play a complimentary role in the management of prostate cancer.

Establishment of androgen-independent human prostate cancer cell line model LNCaP-AI / 第二军医大学学报

Objective: To establish an androgen-independent human prostate cancer cell line model LNCaP-AI. Methods: LNCaP cells were cultured in absence of hormone for a long-term to establish LNCaP cell line LNCaP-AI, which can live without hormone. MTT, immunofluorescence and RT-PCR techniques were used to study the proliferation activity of LNCaP-AI cells and expression and secretion level of PSA by LNCaP-AI cells in absence of hormone. Results: After cultured for 3 months, LNCaP cells gradually became accustomed to the non-hormone condition, showing the characteristics of androgen-independent LNCaP-AI cell line. LNCaP-AI cells rapidly proliferated under the non-hormone condition and secreted PSA. However, PSA mRNA expression level in LNCaP-AI cells was 44% that of the LNCaP cells under hormone condition. Conclusion: Androgen-independent LNCaP-AI cell line may simulate the development of androgen-independence in prostate cancer cells and is an ideal model of androgen-independent prostate cancer cell line.

Adenocarcinoma incidental de próstata en resección transuretral por causa benigna: Hospital de San José, julio 2006 a marzo 2008 / Incidental prostatic adenocarcinoma during transurethral resection for a bening cause: San Jose Hospital, july 2006 - march 2008

La resección transuretral de próstata es un procedimiento común para tratar patologías urinarias obstructivas benignas. Al material obtenido se le practica estudio histológico para confirmar la naturaleza benigna, pero en algunos casos se ha encontrado como hallazgo incidental un adenocarcinoma en estadios tempranos. No se sabe con claridad cuánto material debe procesarse o si la cantidad de tejido examinado aumenta la posibilidad de encontrar cáncer. El objetivo de este trabajo es determinar la frecuencia de adenocarcinoma incidental de próstata en pacientes sometidos a RTU por causa benigna. Reune 196 casos de RTU en los que se procesó en una segunda fase todo el tejido restante obtenido, describiendo las variables edad, peso del espécimen, número de láminas procesadas, niveles de PSA y categoría diagnóstica, la cual fue clasificada como negativa para maglinidad, PIN alto de grado y adenocarcinoma de próstata estadios T1a y T1b. Se encontró que la frecuencia de cáncer próstata en pacientes a quienes se les realizó RTU por hiperplasia prostática benigna en el Hospital de San José fue muy baja, dos pacientes de 71 y 80 años, además de otro que corresponde a una neoplasia intraepitelial de alto grado (PIN de AG) con niveles normales de PSA, lo que evidencia que la frecuencia es menor que la reportada en la literatura internacional.

Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) is a common procedure performed to treat benign urinary obstruction conditions. The specimen obtained undergoes hystologic work-up to confirm benign nature, but in some cases, an early-stage adenocarcinoma is found incidentally. It is not clearly known how much material must be processed or if the amount of tissue examined increases likelihood of finding cancer. The purpose of this work is to determine the frequency rate of incidental prostatic adenocarcinoma in patients who undergo TURP for a benign cause. It gathers 196 cases of TURP in which all the remaining tissue obtained underwent a second phase work-out, considering variables as age, weight of specimen, number of slides processed, PSA levels and diagnostic category, which was classified as negative for malignancy, high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) and prostatic adenocarcinoma in stages T1a and T1b. It was evidenced that the frequency of prostate cancer in patients who underwent TURP for benign prostatic hyperplasia at the San José Hospital was very low, consisting of two patients 71 and 80 years old, as well as one that corresponds to a high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN of AG) with normal PSA levels, which evidences that our frequency rate is smaller than that reported in international literature.